Written by Allison Wofford, Behavior Coach K-12, Colorado  

Mathematics has long been a subject that polarizes students: some find it exhilarating and engaging, while others may struggle to connect with its concepts. However, beyond the academic challenges, there's a profound relationship between student engagement in math and their behavior in the classroom. 

This year I was able to explore how a student's level of engagement with mathematics can significantly influence their behavior while providing coaching around instructional practices and classroom management in a second-grade classroom. The teacher’s primary goals were to build the capacity of his students to participate in independent learning and engage more with content. We decided to focus on math instruction and cooperative learning strategies. 

The teacher had a strong background in literacy instruction, and I believed that Exemplars tasks were the perfect tool to foster a positive cycle of engagement and behavior, so we started there. We introduced the Three Reads Protocol with a second-grade Exemplars task and were thrilled to see an increase in engagement right away. The students did show fatigue early in the work, so we created a plan to continue working on Exemplars tasks and teach the rubric throughout the semester to build their capacity for sustained work. 

Understanding Student Engagement in Math

Student engagement in mathematics goes beyond merely completing assignments or memorizing formulas. It encompasses a deep involvement and interest in understanding mathematical concepts, solving problems creatively, and making meaningful connections to real-world applications. Engaged students in math exhibit characteristics such as:

• Curiosity and Inquiry: They ask questions, seek explanations, and enjoy exploring different problem-solving strategies. 
• Persistence and Resilience: They demonstrate perseverance when faced with challenging problems, viewing mistakes as opportunities for learning and growth. 
• Active Participation: They actively participate in math discussions, collaborate with peers, and share their mathematical thinking and reasoning. 
• Confidence and Motivation: They believe in their ability to succeed in math, set goals, and stay motivated to overcome obstacles. 

When immersed in engaging math learning, students exhibit proactive behaviors such as:

• attending class regularly 
• completing assignments on time
• advocating for help when needed 
• engaging positively in group activities 
• contributing meaningfully to team projects 
• practicing effective communication and collaboration skills 

They also develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, leading to adaptive behaviors like analyzing problems from multiple perspectives, using appropriate strategies, and evaluating solutions. Additionally, engagement promotes intrinsic motivation to learn math, leading to a positive attitude, self-directed learning, and an overall sense of accomplishment.

When engagement is lacking, students may exhibit or be affected by behaviors such as:

• boredom 
• disinterest 
• classroom distractions/disruption 
• reduced participation and learning outcomes 
• avoidance behaviors towards math (procrastination, incomplete assignments, or absenteeism) 
• conflict with teachers or peers 

A lack of engagement can contribute to feelings of frustration or inadequacy, leading to lowered self-confidence, anxiety, and a fixed mindset regarding math learning or learning in general.

Strategies to Foster Engagement and Positive Behavior in Math 

When we connect math concepts to real-world examples, careers, and everyday problem-solving scenarios we make learning meaningful and engaging. 

• Use Varied Teaching Strategies: Incorporate diverse teaching methods such as hands-on activities, visual aids, technology integration, and collaborative learning to cater to different learning styles and interests. 
• Provide Opportunities for Exploration: Encourage curiosity and inquiry by presenting open-ended problems, challenging tasks, and opportunities for students to explore multiple solution paths. 
• Foster a Growth Mindset: Promote a growth mindset culture where mistakes are viewed as learning opportunities, effort is celebrated, and students are encouraged to embrace challenges and persevere.
• Offer Support and Feedback: Provide personalized support, constructive feedback, and scaffolded learning experiences to help students build confidence, address misconceptions, and achieve success in math. 
• Create a Positive Learning Environment: Cultivate a supportive, inclusive, and positive classroom climate where students feel valued, respected, and empowered to take ownership of their learning. 

"... we saw that students’ engagement levels and behavior were a greater challenge during times they were on iPads or doing less complex tasks."

Conclusion

The connection between student engagement in math and behavior is a pivotal aspect of effective instruction. Engaged students in math exhibit proactive learning behaviors, develop essential skills, and maintain a positive attitude towards learning. By understanding and nurturing this relationship, educators can create enriching math learning experiences that empower students to excel academically and develop lifelong skills and attitudes.

Exemplars performance tasks are ideal for fostering authentic engagement with mathematics, which will, in turn, cultivate positive behaviors, creating a clear pathway for students to become confident, capable, and enthusiastic learners in mathematics and beyond.